Masonry walls made of snip bricks. SNiP requirements: brickwork

Considering the fact that the price for the services of hired specialists is often equal to the cost of buying building materials, those who want to build a house, garage or shed on their site are tempted to do their own masonry work. But how to do it if there is no theoretical knowledge or experience? The search for the necessary information is usually carried out on the network, for queries such as: “SNiP brickwork of walls and partitions”.

Note that there is no single document regulating masonry work with this name. There are norms according to which the design of stone structures is carried out, which will be incomprehensible to an ignorant person. And there are technological maps (for each type of wall), which are a guide for masons. For the convenience of the reader, we generalize and compactify the information contained in them, and accompany it for clarity of the video in this article.

Issues of organizing and ensuring the safety of work, SNiP laying brick walls pay a lot of attention, since labor productivity, construction time, and the final result depend on them.

Convenience in work is important

First of all, a bricklayer should be able to conveniently move within his plot, and work without unnecessary movements. Professional teams are usually divided into units, each of which consists of 2-3 masons with different qualifications. Which one - it already depends on the thickness of the masonry and its architectural complexity.

The plot is divided into three zones, which is clearly visible in the photo below:

1. Working  - This is a strip along a wall segment, up to 70 cm wide, where masons work;
2. Material Storage Area  - a longitudinal strip up to one and a half meters wide, on which ordinary brick and mortar are placed. To perform masonry with simultaneous cladding, this area should be twice as wide, since more space is also required for the front brick.
3. Auxiliary plot  - an area for passage, takes a little more than 0.5m.

When openings are provided in the wall, a container with a solution is located opposite them, and it is more convenient to put a pallet with a brick on the line of the wall. If lightweight masonry of walls is carried out, then the basic materials alternate with reinforcement and loose aggregate, or other heat-insulating material.

Solution

All materials must be prepared in advance, and only the solution is supplied immediately before the start of masonry. In the construction of a small private house, it is much more convenient to knead it on the spot, using factory-made masonry mixtures, which many manufacturers call “sand concrete”.

These are universal dry mixes M150, which are suitable not only for laying bricks, but also for pouring floors. Compositions of a higher grade are used for pouring the foundation, armopoyas, monolithic lintels. Such packaging, as in the photo below, costs about 160 rubles. Colored mortars are usually used for laying decorative bricks.

   Factory dry masonry mix

• If you think that buying ready-made mixtures is expensive, nothing prevents you from installing a concrete mixer and making the solution yourself. When brick walls are being erected, SNiP provides for the use of simple and complex masonry mortars.
• In the composition of simple there is only one astringent, in complex solutions there are at least two of them. In the first case, this is a cement or lime mortar, the second option: lime-cement or clay-cement. Lime and cement play the role of a modifying additive, and make it possible to obtain a solution with higher ductility.
• The most popular cement mortar with lime additive, as it is suitable for all types of bricks, except for raw clay stone (adobe). He just needs a clay-cement mortar, which is also suitable for the construction of any outbuildings.

Instructions for the proportions of binders and fillers in solutions are presented in the table above. The first in the line is cement, then the second astringent, and then the sand. Water is added until the required consistency is reached, but usually its amount does not exceed 30% of the total mass. Sand can be used heavy (quartz) and light (pumice, slag).

Tools and fixtures

The set of equipment used in the work depends on the volume of work and the complexity of the task. On the construction of a one-story house, some fixtures may not be necessary, but the basic set of tools should be the same as you see it in the table below.

Tool appearance	Appointment
	There are many types of trowel, but such a triangular version is ideal for the work of a mason. This form allows you to select a solution in the corners, for which the tool nose is smoothly rounded. Its handle has a flat, sometimes even a metal heel, so that it is convenient to tap a brick. The cloth of the trowel should be made of stainless steel, and its edges are pointed, which allows you to hang a brick. On average, the length of the scapula is 16 cm and the width is 11 cm.
	This tool has a striker on the one hand, and on the other a flat extension, which is called a pickaxe. It is pointed, which allows you to divide the brick into halves, or quarters and three-fours. It is also convenient to wield with it, if you need to repel old plaster.
	Along with roulette, a meter may be needed in the work of a bricklayer. In some situations, using it turns out to be more convenient, since a second person is not required to measure a distance exceeding the length of an outstretched arm.
	Using the hydraulic level, the exact marks of the floor and ceiling are determined.
	This device allows you to control the position of structures and rows of masonry horizontally. If plastering work is ahead, it is better to immediately purchase a rule with a built-in level.
	A tool to control deviations of the wall plane from the vertical.
	Angle control of adjacent structures.
	Container with mounting loops for supplying mortar to the floor with a crane.
	The device for working at height.
	With the help of a stretched cord, horizontal rows are controlled.
	These are wooden or aluminum rails with the marks applied every 77 mm. This distance corresponds to the height of a single brick, plus seams. Ordering ensures the uniformity of their thickness.

Masonry work

Work operations performed during the masonry process are unequal in complexity. Accordingly, they are performed by masons of various qualifications. Depending on the task, the composition of the links is determined.

So:

• Masons with a higher discharge are engaged in the installation of orders and moorings, lay out beacons, perform facial masonry (outer milestone).
• Low-skilled workers are laying out bricks, spreading a mortar bed, laying back-up rows, filling voids in the masonry.
• The specific number of masons in the links, and the division of duties according to their rank, depends on the thickness of the wall and its design features.
• For example: for masonry walls in 2 bricks, five masons are required: one V or VI category, one IV category, and the rest not lower than III category.

So, independent work is out of the question here. Another thing is the partition - in the presence of a quick assistant, the owner may well erect it himself. However, he still must have an idea of \u200b\u200bthe work performed by wage workers.

Features of lightweight walls

The main advantage of houses built of brick is their durability. Therefore, when a person wants to build what is called, for centuries, he prefers this particular material. Moreover, in a low-rise building, even walls with a thickness of only one full-bodied brick, can withstand loads from reinforced concrete slabs.

• The reliability of structures in this case depends only on the correctness of their installation and the quality of the masonry.
• The minuses of brick walls include only their solid weight, and low thermal performance. However, both of these disadvantages are eliminated through the use of lightweight masonry technologies.
• This is the use of hollow (slit) bricks, and the device in the walls of wells filled with liners made of light concrete, liquid cellular concrete, foam or bulk insulation.
• These technologies can not only reduce the load on the foundation and make the walls warm, but also significantly reduce the cost of construction.

   Wall in one brick with cladding and mineral wool insulation

To reduce the thermal conductivity of brick walls, masonry can be performed on warm solutions prepared not on quartz, but on pearlite or pumice sand. At the same time, masonry technology with widened seams is often used, which allows to reduce the thickness of the walls as a whole.

In the process of such masonry, the thickness of the longitudinally vertical joints increases significantly, and due to this, the brick is laid not flat, but on the edge. We only note that this option of lightweight walls is not suitable for independent work. It is carried out only according to the project, in which the necessary thickness of the joints is assigned.

• Masonry with layers of heat-insulating materials is always carried out with a gap corresponding to the thickness of the liner. Its place is between the front verst and the next row.
• In this design, the plate insulation must be provided with a tight fit to the masonry, for which it is first put on glue, and then fixed with dowels with a disk head.
• By the way: today on sale there are not just dowels, but basalt-plastic anchors, which allow simultaneously connecting the insulation to bind the walls to each other.
• One end of the anchor is mounted through the plate into the main masonry, and the second end, after installing the disk washer, is monolithic in the seams of the outer wall.

Note! If the insulation is mineral, a gap of 3-4 mm is provided between it and the lining, and vertical joints are left empty in the bottom row of the wall itself. This ensures the outflow of condensate, and protects the mineral wool from rotting. Polymeric slabs are not afraid of moisture, which means they do not need ventilation.

If the wells are filled with concrete or foam, then usually in every fifth row they arrange the release of stitch rows, which should play the role of anchors. When using bulk materials, the walls are connected by strips of fine-mesh steel mesh, which not only provides a rigid fixation of the walls, but also does not allow the insulation to settle and stray down, leaving voids on top.

The structural nuances of masonry

For the construction of the outer walls of low-rise buildings, almost all types of bricks are offered, which are now offered by manufacturers. In addition to clay bricks: both full-bodied and slit, these are also hyper-pressed and silicate stones.

Limitations of the last two options apply only to the foundation and basement of buildings, as well as rooms operated in high humidity.

So:

• According to SNiP: brickwork of external walls, their thickness cannot be less than 250 mm - that is, the length of one brick. The minimum cross-section of pillars (columns) is 380 * 380 mm.
• As for the partitions (see), when laying brick flat, they will have a thickness of 120 mm. If the length of such a partition does not exceed 3 m, then the masonry may not be reinforced.
• But there is also a technology for the construction of brick walls 65 mm thick, in which the brick is laid on the edge. In this case, reinforcement with steel wire of every third row of masonry is necessarily carried out.
• The laying of the outer verst should be done of the highest quality bricks, leaving those of them that have cracks and chipped faces to a blank. If the walls are not supposed to be plastered, then it is better not to sort the ordinary brick, but immediately buy the facing.

Lighthouses

The thickness of ordinary (not broadened) seams can be 8-15 mm. As a rule, a thickness of more than 10 mm is made when reinforcement is laid in the seam or the ends of the anchors are monolithic.

Laying is carried out on a well-aligned surface of the foundation, and begin from the corners. On them, as well as in the areas where the openings are located, the lighthouse bearers tapering upwards (runaway) up to 6 or 8 rows high are preliminarily performed.

Note! You can still do without lighthouses when the building is small, and a large team is working on the construction of its walls. Otherwise, the masons have to take breaks, and the strokes make it possible to firmly connect the fresh masonry with the masonry made earlier.

When the beacons are erected, a cord is pulled between them from the outside. Then begin the laying of the outer verst, which is flush with the upper bricks of the shtrabi. With a wall thickness of one brick, then an internal milestone is performed, which, like the outer one, will be a spoon.

After 6 rows, two spoonful versts are tied with a poke row. According to this principle, dressing is carried out according to a multi-row pattern. But there may be other options - for example: when the artistic laying of walls is performed.

Jumpers

Equally important is the device jumpers over the openings of windows and doors. In houses with beam ceilings, which do not have such a significant weight as concrete slabs, they can be laid out of brick. In those cases when concrete ceilings rest on the walls, the jumpers are either prefabricated concrete, or a monolithic armo-belt is poured over the opening (see).

• Since structurally all the jumpers are different, then they rely on the masonry unequally. In both private and large-scale construction, in large esteem precast concrete lintels.
• Plate-type jumpers, that is, having a width greater than height and immediately covering the entire opening along the wall thickness, require support heels of minimal depth - 10-12 cm is enough.
• For bar jumpers, which, having a height greater than the width, are not so stable, 25 cm per end are required. At the same distance monolithic in the masonry and jumpers from a steel channel or corner.

However, where the masonry does not carry any loads, except for its weight - for example: in brick cladding, or in the filling of frame-brick houses, it makes no sense to put concrete lintels. It is much more convenient, and cheaper, to use metal for this purpose. Its advantage is its low weight and the ability to cut any length.

Brick lintels are arranged only on openings less than two meters wide. Although, today there is a technology with mounted consoles that reinforce the masonry over the opening, and allow you to make bridges of brick over the openings of any width.

If the lintels have the role of architectural decoration of the facade, then they should be made only of brick. In any case, the openings of a triangular and arched form cannot be blocked in a different way.

To cope with this task no "SNiP brick walls" will not help. An excellent tool will be the technological map (TC) No. 95-04 for laying arches and arches made of bricks. But still, the best assistant is the video, and after watching several professional videos, it is quite possible to master the independent execution of this element of masonry.

The main documents regulating the processes in the construction industry are collections of norms and rules. Subject to all requirements of SNiP, masonry will be highly reliable and resistant to adverse environmental factors. Although SNiP II-22-81 * “Stone and stone-stone structures” have not practically changed since approval, they remain relevant to this day.

SNiP developed by the Central Research Institute of Building Structures. V.A. Kucherenko is the leading organization in the industry; therefore, each of the points in the document is carefully substantiated by theoretical calculations and practical tests. Using the requirements of the norm in private construction, you can increase the reliability and durability of masonry, as well as avoid possible problems.

Characteristics of bricks and masonry

The main components of any type of masonry are cement mortar and brick blocks. The overall stability of the walls and the entire building depends on their mechanical properties. In order for the garage to withstand seasonal temperature changes, snow and wind loads, the weight of the roof and at the same time remain stable for many years, it is important to choose the right building materials with optimal characteristics.

Building standards clearly regulate what properties these or other materials should have. Additional, more detailed information is indicated in the State standards developed specifically for each type of product. GOST 530-2012 “Ceramic brick and stone. General Specifications ”lists the following product specifications:

1. Strength - a parameter on which the stability of a building depends. Strength is indicated by an alphanumeric index (from M25 to M1000), while the second part displays the pressure in kg / cm 2 that the unit can withstand without breaking.
2. Frost resistance - the minimum number of consecutive cycles of freezing and thawing, during which the brick remains intact. The symbol for frost resistance is the Latin letter F, next to which the sum of the seasonal cycles is indicated.
3. The average density class depends on the number and total volume of voids placed inside a separate block. Under natural conditions, voids are filled with air, which is the simplest, but at the same time effective heat insulator. The more insulated air chambers a brick has, the higher its thermal performance.

Garage Walling

What brick is best to masonry out of? The garage usually does not have high demands in terms of thermal insulation. The exception is cases when the building is directly adjacent to a residential building. In such cases, there will be an active heat exchange of the walls of the garage with the external environment, which can negatively affect the efficiency of heating in the home.

In the climate of our country, the thickness of the walls of the garage should be from 0.5 to 2.5-3 bricks. The best option for reliability and cost-effectiveness is 1.5 blocks, but to reduce costs, the thickness is often reduced to a single masonry or wall in half a brick.

The calculation of the amount of necessary materials is an important stage preceding the construction. Standard brick consumption per 1 m 2 of wall is:

• 100 blocks and 75 l of mortar when laying in one brick;
• 50 blocks and 35 l of mortar when laying in 0.5 brick.

During construction it is important to ensure reliable waterproofing of the walls from the concrete foundation, otherwise the lower part of the garage will constantly get wet, and in winter there will be cracks from the ice cavities that got inside. Isolation is made from ordinary roofing material, which is laid on the foundation surface previously coated with molten bitumen.

In order to facilitate the masonry process, you can use the following technique: bricks without mortar are laid along the future wall, while the optimal thickness of the joints between them is set to 10-12 mm. A necessary portion of the solution is scooped up with a trowel and put in place of the first brick, having previously lifted it. After that, the block returns to its place, and the operation is repeated for the next. Having before your eyes a finished layer of brick installed in this way, you can easily comply with the set parameters for the next rows.

Do I need to further strengthen the walls of the garage? Reinforcement may be a necessary measure if the projected load is significant, for example, if there is a second floor or a large garage height. Supporting the jumpers of window and door openings, according to the requirements of regulatory documents, should be carried out on walls with a thickness of at least 200 mm.

For the construction of internal walls and partitions, it is recommended to use silicate blocks. They are cheaper than ceramic, but at the same time they satisfy all the requirements of SNiP for reliability.

When designing a garage, a private house, a cottage or an outbuilding in accordance with the requirements of current regulatory documents, you will ensure their high reliability and resistance to external factors.

SNiP II-22-81 * "Stone and stone-stone structures" contains all the basic instructions that relate to the calculation of structures, requirements for the mechanical properties of blocks and cement mortar, as well as issues of providing thermal performance.

When it comes time to build a wall of brick, it is worth remembering a number of instructions that you must follow. SNiP masonry is laid out on the shelves, how and by what indicators should the construction take place, what standards should be met.

Before starting any masonry, a number of preparatory work must be performed:

1. It is required to completely complete all construction work related to the non-residential floor.
2. A check of the geodesy and all the schemes was completed and the construction of the ceilings was completed.
3. All construction materials near the construction site should be prepared.
4. It is necessary to prepare for work construction tools, protective equipment for workers and first aid equipment.
5. All workers involved in the project should be familiar with the construction scheme, as well as safety precautions.

There are a number of instructions regarding the storage and warehousing of materials, as well as construction equipment. Upon receipt of building materials is familiarization with the documents to determine the quality of the material. After that, the data in the “passport” is compared with a visual inspection. Only then can this material be used.

A number of indicators that should be checked include:

1. The name and address of the supplier’s enterprise.
2. Serial number, as well as the date of issue of the certificate of quality.
3. Marking of the delivered goods and the Number of products received.
4. The date that the material was made.
5. The quality of the material obtained and compliance with GOST.

Mounting technology

The whole process of laying a brick wall should be carried out in accordance with the standards and according to the drawing. It is recommended to use masons of 2-5 categories. Work is carried out in strict sequence, in accordance with established standards:

1. Marking the walls, installing wooden openings on the base.
2. Installation of a leveling rail (if necessary).
3. Pulling the cord along which the wall will be erected.
4. Preparation of brick for masonry.
5. Cement mortar preparation.
6. Laying bricks on the mortar ().
7. Check upon completion of construction work.
8. Installation of channels over wooden openingsto reduce the load on the tree.

Specialists of different categories are involved in the construction process. Specialists K1 and K2 perform the laying of the outer wall and its further lining. Masons of categories 2 and 4 carry out the laying of internal walls, resort to the help of K3. Cord tensioning is carried out only by masons of the highest category, since the quality and slope of the building depend on them.

Often resort to reinforced masonry walls. It is worth noting that this method is only relevant to the outer walls. Reinforcing wire is made of reinforcing wire by welding, which is placed between each level of the brick.

Masonry of internal walls and partitions

The construction of an internal load-bearing wall and partitions involves a number of specific actions. In general, the technology is not significantly different from the laying of external walls. It should only be noted that for partitions they resort to ceramic bricks.

The mooring should be individually stretched for each row of masonry. In places where the intersection of two load-bearing walls occurs, both are required to be erected simultaneously. Unlike external walls, reinforcement can be carried out every 3-4 rows. The mortar should be evenly applied to the surface of the brick in order to have the same thickness of the joints. The verticality of the faces and the accuracy of the masonry angles must be checked at each level without fail.

Installation of the channel as a jumper over the windows and doors is carried out using construction equipment. A solution is applied in advance to the brick base. When installing them, you should pay attention to the vertical and horizontal marks, on the support of the jumpers. In addition, it is necessary to install reinforcement to maintain the front of the brick.

Wooden formwork should be removed no earlier than after 5-6 days. As for the winter period, experts recommend waiting a period of 2 weeks.

Safety precautions

Every worker and project manager should be familiar with all safety regulations. All of them are clearly spelled out in SNiP 12-03-2001 "Labor safety in construction" section 1. Basic requirements. It is worth highlighting the basic rules:

Wall arrangement

1. All lifting of building materials should be carried out using special lifting means and packaging material, which will help to avoid their fall.
2. Workers who are engaged in lifting and receiving building material should be trained in slinging. In addition, constantly have contact with the crane operator.
3. All openings must be enclosed to avoid accidents. A safety net should be fixed on the lower tiers, which will prevent the fall of workers and building materials.
4. When conducting construction work, it is forbidden to stand on fresh masonry or even lean on it. The design is too unreliable and may collapse.
5. The space between the scaffolding and the masonry should not exceed half a meter so that the worker does not fall out. Forests should be regularly cleaned of debris, which could cause the worker to fall or get injured. Garbage is packed in bags and lowered by a crane. It is strictly forbidden to dump production waste down.

Failure to comply with safety regulations is a threat not only to the violator, but also to others. For each violation, a reprimand should be made, for systematic violations should be suspended from work and write fines.

GENERAL PROVISIONS

7.1. The requirements of this section apply to the production and acceptance of works on the erection of stone structures made of ceramic and silicate bricks, ceramic, concrete, silicate and natural stones and blocks. 7.2. Work on the erection of stone structures should be carried out in accordance with the project. The selection of the composition of the masonry mortar, taking into account the operating conditions of buildings and structures, should be carried out in accordance with reference appendix 15.7.3. Bricking of building socles must be made of solid ceramic bricks. The use of silicate brick for these purposes is not allowed. 7.4. Weakening of stone structures with holes, grooves, niches, mounting openings not provided for by the project is not allowed. 7.5. Masonry filling frames should be performed in accordance with the requirements for the construction of bearing stone structures. The thickness of the horizontal joints of masonry made of bricks and stones of regular shape should be 12 mm, the vertical joints of 10 mm. 7.7. In case of forced breaks, the masonry must be performed in the form of an inclined or vertical shackle. 7.8. When tearing the masonry with a vertical ridge, in the masonry joints, lay the mesh (reinforcement) from longitudinal rods with a diameter of not more than 6 mm, from transverse rods - not more than 3 mm with a distance of up to 1.5 m along the height of the masonry, as well as at the level of each overlap The number of longitudinal reinforcement rods is taken from the calculation of one rod for every 12 cm of wall thickness, but not less than two for a wall thickness of 12 cm. 7.9. The height difference of the masonry being built on adjacent grips and when laying adjacencies of the external and internal walls should not exceed the floor height, the height difference between adjacent sections of the foundation masonry should not exceed 1.2 m. 7.10. Installation of fastenings at the places where reinforced concrete structures adjoin the masonry should be carried out in accordance with the project. The erection of stone structures on the next floor is allowed only after laying the supporting structures of the floors of the erected floor, anchoring the walls and filling the joints between the floor slabs. 7.11. The maximum height of the erection of free-standing stone walls (without laying ceilings or coatings) should not exceed the values \u200b\u200bspecified in table. 28. If necessary, the construction of free-standing walls of greater height should be used temporary fasteners.

Table 28

Wall thickness, cm	Bulk mass (density) of masonry, kg / m 3	Permissible wall height, m, at high-speed wind pressure, N / m 2 (wind speed, m / s)
	1000 to 1300
	1300 to 1600
	1000 to 1300
	1300 to 1600
	1000 to 1300
	1300 to 1600
	1000 to 1300
	1300 to 1600

Note. At high-speed wind pressures having intermediate values, the permissible heights of free-standing walls are determined by interpolation. 7.12. When constructing a wall (partition) associated with transverse walls (partitions) or with other rigid structures with a distance between these structures not exceeding 3.5 N  (Where N  - the height of the wall indicated in the table. 28), the permissible height of the wall being erected can be increased by 15%, with a distance of not more than 2.5 N  - by 25% and not more than 1.5 N  - by 40% .7.13. The height of stone unreinforced partitions not fastened with ceilings or temporary fastenings shall not exceed 1.5 m for partitions 9 cm thick made of stones and bricks on an edge 88 mm thick, and 1.8 m for partitions 12 cm thick made of brick. 7.14. When connecting the partition with transverse walls or partitions, as well as with other rigid structures, their permissible heights are taken in accordance with the instructions of clause 7.12.7.15. The verticality of the faces and angles of masonry made of bricks and stones, the horizontalness of its rows should be checked during the masonry (after 0.5-0.6 m) with the elimination of detected deviations within the tier. After the end of the masonry of each floor, an instrumental check of the horizontality and marks of the top of the masonry should be made, regardless of the intermediate checks of the horizontalness of its rows.

LAYING FROM CERAMIC AND SILICATE BRICK, FROM CERAMIC, CONCRETE, SILICATE AND NATURAL STONES OF THE RIGHT FORM

7.17. The dowel rows in the masonry must be laid out of whole bricks and stones of all kinds. Regardless of the adopted system for dressing seams, stitching of rows of stitches is mandatory in the lower (first) and upper (last) rows of structures being erected, at the level of the edges of walls and pillars, in the protruding rows of masonry (cornices, belts, etc.). seams laying of rowing rows under the supporting parts of beams, girders, floor slabs, balconies, under Mauerlat and other prefabricated structures is mandatory. With single-row (chain) dressing of the joints, the support of prefabricated structures on the spoon rows of masonry is allowed. 7.18. Brick pillars, pilasters and piers with a width of two and a half bricks or less, ordinary brick lintels and cornices should be built from selected whole bricks. 7.19. The use of half-bricks is allowed only in masonry of backing rows and lightly loaded stone structures (sections of walls under windows, etc.) in an amount of not more than 10% .7.20. The horizontal and transverse vertical seams of the brickwork of the walls, as well as the seams (horizontal, transverse and longitudinal vertical) in the lintels, piers and pillars should be filled with mortar, except for masonry, to fill in. 7.21. When laying in a blanket, the depth of the joints not filled with mortar on the front side should not exceed 15 mm in the walls and 10 mm (only vertical joints) in the columns. 7.22. Wall sections between ordinary brick lintels with piers with a width of less than 1 m must be laid out on the same solution as the lintels. 7.23. Steel reinforcement of ordinary brick lintels should be laid on the formwork in the mortar layer under the lower row of bricks. The number of rods is set by the project, but should be at least three. Smooth rods for reinforcing lintels should have a diameter of at least 6 mm, end with hooks and be embedded in the walls at least 25 cm. The rods of the periodic profile with hooks do not bend. When maintaining the brick lintels in the formwork, it is necessary to comply with the terms indicated in the table. 29.

Table 29

Jumper designs	Outside temperature, ° С, during the period of keeping the jumpers	Grade of solution	The duration of the jumper on the formwork, days, not less
Private and reinforced brick		M25 and higher
Arched and wedge-shaped

7.25. Wedged lintels made of ordinary brick should be laid out with wedge-shaped seams with a thickness of at least 5 mm at the bottom and no more than 25 mm at the top. Masonry must be carried out simultaneously on both sides in the direction from the heels to the middle. 7.26. The eaves should be laid in accordance with the design. In this case, the overhang of each row of brickwork in the eaves should not exceed 1/3 of the brick length, and the total removal of unreinforced brick eaves should be no more than half the wall thickness. Masonry anchored cornices can be performed after the masonry of the wall reaches the design strength into which the anchors are embedded. the device of the cornices after the end of the laying of the wall, their stability must be provided with temporary fasteners. All embedded reinforced concrete prefabricated elements (cornices, belts, balconies, etc.) must provide I temporarily fixing them to pinch the overlying masonry. The term for the removal of temporary fixtures must be indicated in the working drawings. 7.27. When erecting walls of ceramic stones in the hanging rows of cornices, belts, parapets, firewalls where a brick is required, a full-body or special (profile) front brick with frost resistance of at least Мрз25 with protection against moisture should be used. 7.28. Ventilation ducts in the walls should be made of ceramic solid brick of brand no lower than 75 or silicate brand 100 to the level of the attic floor, and above - of solid ceramic brick of brand 100.7.29. When reinforced masonry, the following requirements must be observed: the thickness of the seams in the reinforced masonry must exceed the sum of the diameters of the intersecting reinforcement by at least 4 mm with a thickness of the seam no more than 16 mm; when transverse reinforcing the posts and walls, the mesh should be made and laid so that it is at least two reinforcing bars (of which the mesh is made), protruding 2-3 mm on the inner surface of the wall or on two sides of the column; with longitudinal reinforcement of the masonry, the steel bars of the reinforcement should ive together by welding, while device reinforcement joints without welding the ends of the smooth rods must end hooks and contact wire with overlapping rods 20 diametrov.7.30. The erection of walls from lightweight brickwork must be carried out in accordance with the working drawings and the following requirements: all the joints of the outer and inner layer of the walls of the lightweight masonry should be carefully filled with mortar with the jointing of the front joints and grouting of the inner joints with the obligatory wet plastering of the wall surface from the side of the room; the insulation should be laid with a tight fit to the masonry; metal ties installed in the masonry must be protected from corrosion; Insulation or lightweight concrete should be laid in layers with a seal on each layer as the masonry is erected. In masonry with vertical transverse brick diaphragms, voids should be filled with backfill or lightweight concrete to a height of not more than 1.2 m per shift; window sills of the external walls must be protected from moisture by ebb design according to the project; during the production process during precipitation and during a break in work, measures should be taken to protect the insulation from getting wet. The edge of the brick base and other protruding parts of the masonry after their erection should be protected from atmospheric moisture, following the instructions in the project, in the absence of instructions in the project - with cement-sand mortar of grade no lower than M100 and Mrz50.

FACING THE WALLS IN THE PROCESS OF ESTABLISHING THE Masonry

7.32. For facing work, cement-sand mortars on Portland cement and pozzolanic cements should be used. The alkali content in cement should not exceed 0.6%. The mobility of the solution, determined by the immersion of the standard cone, should be no more than 7 cm, and to fill the vertical gap between the wall and the tile, in the case of fixing the tile on steel ties, not more than 8 cm. 7.33. When lining brick walls with large concrete slabs, performed simultaneously with masonry, the following requirements must be observed: lining should begin by laying at the level of the interfloor overlap of the supporting L-shaped row of facing slabs, embedded into the masonry, then install ordinary flat slabs with their fastening to the wall; when the thickness of the facing plates is more than 40 mm, the facing row should be placed earlier than the masonry is carried out on the height of the facing row; if the thickness of the plates is less than 40 mm, it is necessary to first lay on the height of the row of slabs, then install the cladding plate; the installation of thin slabs before erecting the wall masonry is allowed only if the fastenings holding the slabs are installed; the installation of cladding plates of any thickness higher than the wall masonry by more than two rows of slabs is not allowed. 7.34. Cladding plates must be installed with mortar joints along the contour of the plates or close to each other. In the latter case, the abutting faces of the slabs must be ground. 7.35. The erection of walls with their simultaneous cladding, rigidly connected with the wall (face brick and stone, slabs of silicate and heavy concrete), at low temperatures should, as a rule, be carried out in a solution with antifrosty addition of sodium nitrite. Laying with facing ceramic and silicate brick and stone can be done by freezing according to the instructions in the subsection “Building stone structures in winter conditions”. At the same time, the grade of the mortar for masonry and cladding should not be lower than M50.

FEATURES OF LAYING ARC AND ARCHES

7.36. The laying of arches (including arched lintels in the walls) and arches must be made of bricks or stones of the correct form on a cement or mixed mortar. For laying arches, arches and their heels, mortars on Portland cement should be used. The use of slag Portland cement and pozzolanic Portland cement, as well as other types of cements, slowly hardening at low positive temperatures, is not allowed. 7.37. The laying of arches and vaults should be carried out according to the project containing the working drawings of the formwork for the laying of arches of double curvature. 7.38. Deviations of the formwork dimensions of arches of double curvature from the design should not exceed: on the boom at any point of the arch 1/200 of the climb, on the displacement of the formwork from the vertical plane in the middle section of 1/200 of the boom of the arch, along the wavelength of the arch - 10 mm. 7.39. Laying of waves of arches of double curvature must be performed according to mobile templates installed on the formwork. Laying of arches and arches should be made from the heels to the castle simultaneously on both sides. Masonry joints must be completely filled with mortar. The upper surface of the arches of double curvature with a thickness of 1/4 of the brick during the laying process should be wiped with a solution. With a greater thickness of the arches made of brick or stones, the masonry joints must be additionally filled with a liquid solution, while grouting with a solution of the upper surface of the arches is not performed. The laying of arches of double curvature should begin no earlier than 7 days after the end of the arrangement of their heels at an outdoor temperature above 10 ° C. At an air temperature of 10 to 5 ° C, this period increases by 1.5 times, from 5 to 1 ° C - by 2 times. Laying vaults with puffs, on whose heels prefabricated reinforced concrete elements or steel frames are installed, it is allowed to start immediately after devices fifth 7.41. The adjacency edges of adjacent waves of arches of double curvature are maintained on the formwork for at least 12 hours at an outdoor temperature above 10 ° C. At lower positive temperatures, the duration of curing of the vaults on the formwork is increased in accordance with the instructions in clause 7.40. Loading of the dismantled arches and vaults at an air temperature above 10 ° C is allowed no earlier than 7 days after the end of the laying. At lower positive temperatures, aging periods increase according to clause 7.40. Insulation on arches should be laid symmetrically from the supports to the castle, avoiding one-sided loading of the arches. Tightening puffs in arches and arches should be done immediately after laying. 7.42. The erection of arches, vaults and their heels in winter conditions is allowed at an average daily temperature of at least minus 15 ° C in solutions with antifrosty additives (subsection "Construction of stone structures in winter conditions"). The waves of the arches, erected at negative temperature, are maintained in the formwork for at least 3 days.

Masonry made of quarry stone and concrete

7.43. It is allowed to erect stone structures made of buta and butobeton with the use of rubble stone of irregular shape, with the exception of the outer sides of the masonry, for which bedding stone should be used. 7.44. The rubble masonry should be carried out in horizontal rows up to 25 cm high with a trench of stone on the front side of the masonry, chipped and filled with grout, as well as dressing the joints. Flute masonry with pouring grout between the stones is allowed only for structures in buildings up to 10 m high, erected on non-subsiding soils. 7.45. When lining the rubble masonry with a brick or stone of the correct form, simultaneously with the masonry, the lining should be ligated with the masonry with a poke row every 4-6 spoon rows, but not more than 0.6 m.The horizontal seams of the masonry should coincide with the dressing bonded rows of the lining. 7.46. Breaks in masonry made of rubble stone are allowed after filling the gaps between the stones of the upper row with a solution. The resumption of work must begin with the spreading of the solution on the surface of the stones of the upper row. Structures made of concrete should be erected in accordance with the following rules: concrete should be laid in horizontal layers with a height of not more than 0.25 m; the size of stones embedded in concrete should not exceed 1/3 of the thickness of the structure being built; stones should be embedded in concrete directly behind laying concrete in the process of compaction; erection of concrete foundations in trenches with sheer walls is allowed to be carried out without formwork completely; breaks are allowed only after laying a number of stones in the last (upper) layer of concrete mix; the resumption of work after a break begins with the laying of concrete mix. For structures made of buta and concrete, erected in dry and hot weather, care should be taken as for monolithic concrete structures.

ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR WORK IN SEISMIC AREAS

7.48. Bricklaying and ceramic slit stones must be carried out in compliance with the following requirements: masonry structures should be made over the entire thickness of the structure in each row; wall masonry should be done using single-row (chain) dressings; horizontal, vertical, transverse and longitudinal masonry joints should be filled the mortar completely with undercutting the mortar on the outer sides of the masonry; temporary (installation) gaps in the erected masonry should be terminated only by an inclined shaft and placed out of places structural reinforcement of walls. 7.49. Brick and ceramic stones with a high content of salts protruding on their surfaces are not allowed. The surface of the brick, stone and blocks must be cleaned from dust and dirt before laying: for laying on ordinary solutions in areas with a hot climate - a stream of water; for laying on polymer-cement solutions - using brushes or compressed air. 7.50. At negative outside temperatures, the installation of large blocks should be carried out on solutions with antifrosty additives. In this case, the following requirements must be observed: before the start of masonry work, the optimal ratio between the value of preliminary wetting of the wall material and the water content of the mortar mixture should be determined; ordinary solutions must be used with high water retention capacity (water separation of not more than 2%). 7.51. For the preparation of solutions, Portland cement should generally be used. The use of slag Portland cement and pozzolanic Portland cement for polymer cement solutions is not allowed. For the preparation of solutions, sand that meets the requirements of GOST 8736-85 should be used. Other types of small aggregates can be used after conducting studies of the strength and deformation properties of solutions based on them, as well as adhesion to masonry materials. In polymer-cement solutions, sand with a high content of fine-grained clay and dust particles cannot be used. 7.52. When masonry is performed on polymer-cement mortars, the brick should not be moistened before laying, as well as masonry during the period of building strength. 7.53. Strength control of normal adhesion of the mortar during manual laying should be done at the age of 7 days. The grip should be approximately 50% strength at 28 days of age. If the adhesion strength in the masonry does not match the design value, it is necessary to stop the work until the design organization resolves the issue. 7.54. During the construction of buildings, it is not allowed to contaminate with mortar and construction debris niches and gaps in the walls, gaps between floor slabs and other places intended for reinforced concrete inclusions, belts and harnesses, as well as the fittings located in them. 7.55. It is forbidden to reduce the width of anti-seismic seams specified in the project. Anti-seismic seams must be freed from formwork and construction debris. It is forbidden to seal anti-seismic seams with bricks, mortar, lumber, etc. If necessary, anti-seismic seams can be closed with aprons or glued with flexible materials. 7.56. When installing lintel and strapping blocks, it should be possible to freely pass vertical reinforcement through the holes provided in the design for the lintel blocks.

CONSTRUCTION OF STONE STRUCTURES UNDER WINTER CONDITIONS

7.57. Masonry structures in winter conditions should be carried out on cement, cement-lime and cement-clay mortars. The composition of the mortar of a given brand (ordinary and with antifrosty additives) for winter work, the mobility of the mortar and the timing of the mobility are established by the preliminary construction laboratory in accordance with the requirements current regulatory documents and adjusts taking into account the materials used. For winter masonry, mortar solutions should be used: 9-13 cm - for masonry from ordinary brick and 7-8 cm - for masonry from brick with voids and from natural stone. 7.58. Masonry in the winter can be carried out using all dressings used in the summer. When masonry is performed on mortars without antifreeze additives, single-row dressing should be performed.In a multi-row dressing system, vertical longitudinal seams are bandaged at least every three rows when laying brick and two rows when laying ceramic and silicate stone with a thickness of 138 mm. Brick and stone should be laid with full filling of vertical and horizontal joints. 7.59. The construction of walls and pillars along the perimeter of the building or within the boundaries between the seam joints should be carried out evenly, avoiding height gaps of more than 1/2 floor. When laying deaf sections of walls and corners, gaps are allowed with a height of no more than 1/2 floor and are performed with a screed. 7.60. During breaks in work, it is not allowed to lay the solution on the upper row of masonry. To prevent icing and skidding during the break during operation, the top of the masonry should be covered. The sand used in masonry mortars should not contain ice and frozen lumps, lime and clay dough should be unfrozen at a temperature of at least 10 ° C.7.61. Brick structures, regular-shaped stones and large blocks in winter conditions can be erected in the following ways: with antifrosty additives on solutions of at least grade M50; on ordinary solutions without antifrosty additives, followed by timely hardening of masonry by heating; freezing on ordinary (without antifrosty additives) solutions not lower than grade 10, provided that sufficient load-bearing capacity of the structures during the thawing period is provided (at zero strength of the solution).

Masonry with antifreeze additives

7.62. When preparing solutions with antifrosty additives, reference appendix 16. establishing the scope and consumption of additives, as well as the expected strength, depending on the curing time of the solutions in frost, should be used. When using potash, add clay dough - not more than 40% of the cement mass.

Masonry on solutions without antifrosty additives followed by hardening of structures by heating

7.63. When erecting buildings on solutions without antifreeze additives, followed by hardening of structures with artificial heating, the procedure for the production of work should be provided for in the working drawings.

Table 30

Estimated air temperature, ° С		Wall thickness in bricks
outside	internal	Thawing depth with heating duration, days

Notes: 1. Above the line - the depth of thawing of the masonry (% of wall thickness) from dry ceramic bricks, under the line - the same from silicate or wet ceramic bricks. 2. When determining the thawing depth of the frozen masonry of walls heated on one side, the calculated value of the weight humidity of the masonry is adopted: 6% for masonry from dry ceramic bricks, 10% for masonry from silicate or ceramic wet (autumn billets) bricks. 7.64. Laying by heating the structures must be carried out in compliance with the following requirements: the insulated part of the structure must be equipped with ventilation that provides air humidity during the heating period of not more than 70%; loading of the masonry is allowed only after control tests and establishing the required strength of the solution of the heated masonry; the temperature inside the heated part of the building in the most chilled places - at the outer walls at a height of 0.5 m from the floor - should not be lower than 10 ° С.7.65. The depth of thawing of masonry in structures when heated with warm air on one side is taken according to table. thirty; the duration of thawing of the masonry with an initial temperature of minus 5 ° С with bilateral heating - according to\u003e table. 31, when heated from four sides (pillars) - according to the table. 31 with a decrease in data by 1.5 times; strength of solutions hardening at various temperatures - according to the table. 32.

Freezing masonry

7.66. With the method of freezing on ordinary mortars (without antifreeze additives) during the winter period, it is allowed, with appropriate justification by calculation, to erect buildings with a height of not more than four floors and not higher than 15 m. The requirements for masonry made by the freezing method also apply to structures made of brick blocks, made of ceramic brick of positive temperature, frozen to a set by laying with masonry blocks of tempering strength and not warmed up to their loading. The compressive strength of masonry from such blocks in the thawing stage is determined from the calculation of the mortar strength equal to 0.5 MPa. When laying with the method of freezing solutions (without antifreeze additives), the following requirements must be observed: the temperature of the solution at the time of laying must correspond to the temperature indicated in the table. 33; the work should be carried out simultaneously throughout the capture; in order to avoid freezing of the mortar, it should be laid on no more than two adjacent bricks when doing a mile and no more than 6-8 bricks when doing a backfill; at the mason's workplace, a stock of mortar is allowed no more than 30-40 minutes. The solution box must be insulated or heated. The use of a solution frozen or warmed with hot water is not allowed.

Table 31

Masonry characteristic	The temperature of the heating air, ° C	Duration, days, thawing of masonry with the thickness of the walls in bricks
Of red brick in mortar:
Of silicate brick in mortar:

Table 32

The age of the solution, days	The strength of the solution from the brand,%, at hardening temperature, ° C

Notes: 1. When using solutions made on slag Portland cement and pozzolanic Portland cement, it is necessary to take into account the slowdown of their strength increase at hardening temperature below 15 ° С. The relative strength of these solutions is determined by multiplying the values \u200b\u200bgiven in table. 32, by coefficients: 0.3 - at a hardening temperature of 0 ° C; 0.7 - at 5 ° C; 0.9 - at 9 ° C; 1 - at 15 ° C and above. 2. For intermediate values \u200b\u200bof hardening temperature and age of the solution, its strength is determined by interpolation.

Table 33

The average daily temperature, ° C	Positive solution temperature, ° С, at the workplace for masonry
	made of bricks and stones of regular shape		of large blocks
	at wind speed, m / s
To minus 10
From minus 11 to minus 20
Below minus 20

Note. To obtain the required temperature of the solution, heated (up to 80 ° С) water can be used, as well as heated sand (not higher than 60 ° С) .7.68. Before the onset of the thaw, before the thawing of the masonry begins, it is necessary to carry out on all floors of the building all the measures provided for by the project for the unloading, temporary fastening or reinforcement of its overstressed sections (pillars, piers, supports, trusses and runs, etc.). From the floors it is necessary to remove random loads not provided for by the project (construction waste, construction materials).

Quality control of work

7.69. The quality control of works on the construction of stone buildings in winter conditions should be carried out at all stages of construction. In addition to the usual records of the composition of work performed, the work execution log should also record: outdoor temperature, amount of additive in the solution, temperature of the solution at the time of installation and other data that affect on the hardening process of the solution.7.70. The construction of the building can be carried out without checking the actual strength of the mortar in the masonry until the erected part of the building, by calculation, causes overloading of the underlying structures during the thawing period. Further construction of the building is allowed only after the mortar gains strength (confirmed by laboratory tests) not lower than that required by the calculation specified in the working drawings for the construction of the building in winter conditions. For subsequent monitoring of the strength of the mortar with antifrosty additives, it is necessary to make structures during construction sample cubes measuring 7.07´7.07.07´7.07 cm on a water-suction base directly at the facility. When constructing one-two-section houses, the number of control There should be at least 12 samples on each floor (with the exception of the top three). If the number of sections is more than two, there should be at least 12 control samples for every two sections. Samples of at least three are tested after 3-hour thawing at a temperature not lower than 20 ± 5 ° C. Control cubes should be tested within the time required for floor control of the strength of the mortar during the erection of structures. Samples should be stored under the same conditions as the structure to be erected and protected from water and snow. to The final strength of the solution, three control samples must be tested after thawing under natural conditions and subsequent 28-day hardening at an outside temperature of at least 20 ± 5 ° C. 7.71. In addition to testing cubes, as well as in the absence of them, it is allowed to determine the strength of a mortar by testing samples with an edge of 3-4 cm made of two mortar plates taken from horizontal joints. When erecting buildings by freezing on ordinary (without anti-frost additives) solutions with subsequent hardening of masonry by artificial heating, it is necessary to constantly monitor the temperature conditions of the hardening of the solution with fixing them in a log. The air temperature in the premises during heating is measured regularly, at least three times a day: at 1, 9 and 17 hours. Air temperature control should be performed at least 5-6 points near the outer walls of the heated floor at a distance of 0.5 m from the floor. The average daily air temperature in the heated floor is determined as the arithmetic average of private measurements. Before the approach of spring and during long thaws, it is necessary to tighten control over the state of all the supporting structures of buildings erected in the autumn-winter period, regardless of their number of storeys, and develop measures to remove additional loads, arrange temporary fastenings and determine the conditions for further continuation of construction work. . During natural thawing, as well as artificial heating of structures, constant monitoring of the size and uniformity of wall sediments, the development of deformations of the most stressed sections of masonry, and hardening of the mortar should be organized. .7.75. In case of detecting signs of masonry overvoltage in the form of deformation, cracks or deviations from the vertical, urgent measures should be taken to temporarily or permanently strengthen the structures.

Reinforcement of stone structures of reconstructed and damaged buildings

7.76. Work on strengthening the stone structures of reconstructed and damaged buildings is carried out in accordance with the working drawings and the design of the work. 7.77. Before strengthening the stone structures, the surface should be prepared: visually inspect and tap the masonry with a hammer, clean the surface of the masonry from dirt and old plaster, remove the partially destroyed (thawed) masonry. 7.78. The reinforcement of stone structures by injection, depending on the degree of damage or the required increase in the bearing capacity of structures, should be performed on cement-sand, sandless or cement-polymer solutions. For cement and cement-polymer solutions it is necessary to use Portland cement grade M400 or M500 with a fineness of grinding of at least 2400 cm 3 / g . Cement dough should be of normal density in the range of 20-25%. In the manufacture of an injection solution, it is necessary to control its viscosity and water separation. Viscosity is determined by a VZ-4 viscometer. It should be for cement mortars 13-17 s, for epoxy - 3-4 minutes. Water separation, determined by the exposure of the solution for 3 hours, should not exceed 5% of the total sample volume of the mortar mixture. When reinforcing stone structures with steel clips (corners with clamps), the installation of metal corners should be carried out in one of the following ways: first, a layer of cement mortar of grade M100 or higher is applied to the element to be strengthened in the places where the corners of the clip are installed. Then the angles with clamps are installed and preliminary tension of 10-15 kN is created in the clamps; the second - the angles are installed without mortar with a gap of 15-20 mm fixed by steel or wooden wedges, and tension of 10-15 kN is created in the clamps. The gap is hardened with a hard solution, the wedges are removed and the clamps are fully tensioned to 30-40 kN. With both methods of installing metal clips, the clamps are fully tensioned 3 days after they are tensioned. 7.80. Reinforcement of stone structures with reinforced concrete or reinforced mortar clips should be carried out in compliance with the following requirements: perform reinforcement with connected frames. The reinforcement cages should be fixed in the design position using brackets or hooks hammered into the masonry joints with a pitch of 0.8-1.0 m in a checkerboard pattern. It is not allowed to connect flat frames to spatial frames by manual spot welding; for formwork, collapsible formwork should be used, formwork panels should be rigidly connected to each other and ensure the density and immutability of the structure as a whole; the concrete mix should be laid in even layers and compacted with a vibrator, avoiding damage to solidity the reinforced masonry section; the concrete mixture should have a cone draft of 5-6 cm, the crushed stone fraction should be no more than 20 mm; the clips should be removed after concrete reaches 50% of the design th prochnosti.7.81. When reinforcing stone walls with steel strips in the presence of a plaster layer, it is necessary to perform horizontal strips in it with a depth equal to the thickness of the plaster layer and a width equal to a width of a metal strip of 20 mm. 7.82. When reinforcing stone walls with internal anchors, it is necessary to inject holes in the wall under the anchor with mortar. The main wells under the anchor should be staggered in increments of 50-100 cm with a crack opening width of 0.3-1 mm and 100-200 cm with a crack opening of 3 mm and more. In the places of concentration of small cracks, additional wells should be located. Wells should be drilled to a depth of 10-30 cm, but not more than 1/2 of the wall thickness. 7.83. When reinforcing stone walls with steel prestressed strands, the exact tensile tension of the strands should be controlled using a torque wrench or by measuring strains with a dial gauge with a division value of 0.001 mm. When installing strands in wintertime in unheated rooms, it is necessary to tighten the strands in the summer taking into account the temperature difference.7.84. Replacement of piers and pillars with new masonry should begin with the establishment of temporary fastenings and dismantling of window fillings in accordance with the working drawings and the project of the work. The new masonry must be done thoroughly, with a tight upsetting of the brick to obtain a thin seam. The new masonry should not be brought to the old 3-4 cm. The gap should be carefully hammered with a hard mortar of grade not less than 100. Temporary fastening may be removed after reaching the new masonry at least 70% of design strength. 7.85. When reinforcing masonry, the following items are subject to control: the quality of preparation of the masonry surface; the compliance of reinforcement structures with the design; the quality of welding of fasteners after tension of structural elements; the presence and quality of corrosion protection of reinforcement structures.

Acceptance of stone structures

7.86. Acceptance of work performed on the erection of stone structures must be done before plastering their surfaces. 7.87. Elements of stone structures hidden in the process of construction and installation works, including: places of support of trusses, girders, beams, floor slabs on walls, poles and pilasters and their closure in masonry; fastening of prefabricated reinforced concrete products in the masonry: cornices, balconies and other cantilever structures; embedded parts and their anticorrosive protection; reinforcement laid in stone structures; sedimentary expansion joints, anti-seismic joints; hydro-vapor insulation of masonry; should be taken according to documents certifying their conformity project and normative-technical dokumentatsii.7.88. When accepting finished work on the erection of stone structures, it is necessary to check: the correctness of the dressing of the joints, their thickness and filling, as well as the horizontal rows and vertical angles of masonry; the correctness of the construction of expansion joints; the correctness of the construction of smoke and ventilation ducts in the walls; the quality of the surfaces of facade non-plastered brick walls ; quality of facade surfaces lined with ceramic, concrete and other types of stones and slabs; geometric dimensions and position of structures. 7.89. When accepting stone structures carried out in seismic areas, the device is additionally controlled: a reinforced belt at the level of the top of the foundations; floor antiseismic belts; fastening thin walls and partitions to main walls, frame and ceilings; reinforcing stone walls with inclusions in the masonry of monolithic and prefabricated reinforced concrete elements; anchoring of elements protruding above the attic floor, as well as the adhesion strength of the mortar to the wall stone material. 7.90. Deviations in the size and position of stone structures from design should not exceed those specified in\u003e table. 34.

Table 34

Checked constructions (details)	Limit deviations, mm					Control (method, type of registration)
			foundation
	from bricks, ceramic and natural stones of regular shape, from large blocks		from buta and butobeton
Construction thickness						Measuring, work log
Footprints
Piers Width
Aperture Width
The offset of the vertical axes of the window openings from the vertical
Offset of structural axes from center axes						Measuring, geodetic executive scheme
Deviations of surfaces and masonry angles from vertical:
on one floor
to a building more than two floors high
Masonry joint thickness:						Measuring, work log
horizontal
vertical
Deviations of the masonry rows from the horizontal by 10 m of the wall length						Technical inspection, geodetic executive scheme
Irregularities on the vertical surface of the masonry found when applying a 2 m long rail						Technical inspection, work log
Sectional dimensions of ventilation ducts						Measuring, work log

Note. In parentheses are the dimensions of the permissible deviations for structures made of vibrated brick, ceramic and stone blocks and panels.

The fundamental document in most construction work is SNiP on brickwork. This set of standards and rules includes the most complete list of requirements for both materials and tools used in the construction of walls, and for the features of individual operations.

Key sections of SNIPs are based on current regulatory documents, and therefore they must be observed without fail.

Normative base

Strictly speaking, there is no single SNiP “Brick Walling”, since stone work requires compliance with a huge number of norms and rules relating to various aspects of the construction industry.

That is why, discussing construction standards relating to the construction of external and internal self-supporting walls, interior partitions and cladding, specialists turn to a whole range of documents:

• Organization of construction. Organization of production in construction and architecture - SNiP 12 - 01 - 2004.
• Structures bearing and enclosing capital - SNiP 3.03.01 - 1987.
• Safety and labor protection in construction and production - SNiP 12 - 04 - 2992 (section IX), as well as SNiP 12 - 03 - 2001 (Part 1).

These standards contain information that regulates the entire process of the construction of walls and other architectural elements made of brick or building stone. GOST for masonry is mandatory for all permanent buildings, without exception, therefore you need to study the requirements even if you plan to fold a small shed on your own site with your own hands.

Preparatory stage

Preliminary work

Masonry building blocks in accordance with building codes can only be carried out on specially prepared sites. Masonry begins either after the foundation is erected (one-story construction or the construction of the first floor), or after the completion of major work on the previous floors.

In preparation:

• All work on the construction of a foundation or a basement is being completed, floors are installed, stairs and blocks of elevator shafts are mounted.
• Surveying and marking of the site is carried out.
• The compliance of the constructed elements with the plan or with the results of topographic surveying is checked.
• Delivery of building material and mortar directly to the place of work is organized.

Note!
  The material can either be stored directly on the floor within walking distance from the work sites, or organize the delivery of bricks in pallets using a crane for each site separately.

• The plots are provided with everything necessary for carrying out work with proper labor productivity. The list of material support includes scaffolding with an adjustable platform height, tools, equipment and personal protective equipment.
• Subject to SNiP, the laying of walls made of bricks should be carried out by specialists with certain qualifications, and who have passed the appropriate training. The briefing includes familiarization with the general plan of work, monitoring the assimilation of information on the technique for performing work operations, as well as familiarizing and testing knowledge of safety and labor protection.

Mason's inventory

SNiP for bricklaying provides for the provision of each working team with the devices and devices necessary to perform work at the proper technical level.

The list of tools includes:

• Mortar shovels.
• Trowel (trowel) for the collection and distribution of mortar in the masonry.
• Duralumin rule for leveling the mortar and controlling the masonry plane.
• Pickaxe hammers for splitting a building block.
• Stitching for seams.
• Squeegee for cleaning cavities from solution.

Note!
  When working with a pickaxe hammer, it must be replaced with a circular saw or angle grinder with a blade that matches the cladding material.

• Stainless steel staples and beacons.
• Mooring cords. You can use the cord on the reel, but it is more rational to use models in cases with a handle for winding.

The entire tool must meet the requirements of GOST. The use of defective tools or improvised materials is not allowed.

Material requirements

An important stage in the preparation is the provision of construction crews with materials that meet the technical specifications and GOSTs for this type of work. For this purpose, acceptance and quality control of incoming building materials is organized at the facility.

The main materials used for the construction of walls and partitions are brick and building stone. As a rule, materials are delivered in batches on special pallets.

Upon receipt of the pallet, its packaging is opened and control is carried out:

• Documentary  - verification of compliance of the accompanying information about the party with the data specified in the incoming documents.
• Instrumental  - checking the dimension of the delivered building blocks.
• Visual  - monitoring the compliance of the actually delivered material with the information indicated on the invoices, as well as evaluating the quality of the brick and identifying the most pronounced shortcomings.

Note!
  It is strictly forbidden to use brick and building stone for the construction of self-supporting structures and partitions, for which accompanying documents were not provided.

As for the visual inspection, during its course the host specialist evaluates the presence of the following defects:

• Chipped edges and faces of building blocks.
• Damage to the front planes (spoon and bonder faces) of the facing brick.
• Changes in the shape of the block, the presence of hollows, cracks and swellings.
• The stratifications of the ceramic material, which may indicate the so-called “underburning,” are insufficiently high-quality heat treatment.

• Salt stains on brick surfaces.

The quantity of the so-called half wood - broken brick or blocks that have cracks larger than 30% of the total stone length is separately determined. The amount of half timber in a batch depends on the quality of the material, but the requirements for masonry according to SNiP limit its share to 5% of the total number of blocks.

Separately, the quality of the solution is evaluated:

• Mobility - 7 cm and more.
• The brand of the solution should match the design.
• When carrying out work in the winter, a plasticizer (soapy liquor) is required to be added to the composition of the solution for more active air entrainment. The proportion of liquor should be no more than 858 g per 1 kilogram of dry cement.
• Also, when masonry is performed at an air temperature below -15 0 С, the grade of the solution increases by one grade to ensure the required quality of the connection.

Design requirements

The construction of the main elements

According to SNiP 3.03.01 - 1987, the instruction for the construction of the main self-supporting walls (both internal and external) contains the following recommendations:

• The mortar for laying brick and building stone is selected depending on the type of material and the operating conditions of the structure. The supply of the solution is carried out either in automatic mode or in troughs using a truck crane.
• Basement elements of the building are erected from concrete slabs or using. The use of silicate blocks, as well as hollow stones, reduces the mechanical strength of the building and is therefore not allowed.

• According to the requirements of GOST, the brickwork should not contain holes, niches and cavities that are not provided for by the project and reduce the mechanical strength of the wall.
• Masonry is done manually, the elements are arranged according to the type of dressing approved in the project. In addition to mortar, reinforcing parts (rods, mesh), as well as metal mortgages, can be used to connect individual blocks.

Note!
  When forming a forced gap, the masonry is located in the form of a straight or inclined groove.
  The appearance and design of the bar is shown in the diagrams in this article.

• The joints between the bricks of the correct form should have a constant thickness: vertical - 10 mm, horizontal 12 mm. The thickness of the horizontal seam increases if reinforcing material is laid in the seam.

SNiP for masonry configuration

In addition to general requirements, the standards also contain information on the procedure for forming the masonry itself:

• The dowel rows (i.e. rows in which the bump edge of the brick is on the front surface of the masonry) are necessarily laid out from whole blocks.

• Regardless of the type of dressing and masonry pattern, a bonded row is formed in the lower and upper parts of the structure, at the level of cornices, window sills, trimmings, etc.
• It is also mandatory to lay the row of rows under the supports of the rafters, beams, roofing Mauerlat, etc.

Note!
  The support of these elements on spoon rows is allowed only if during construction and masonry a single-row chain dressing is used with alternating spoon and tying faces in the same row.

• Pillars and piers, the width of which does not exceed two and a half blocks, are necessarily made of whole brick.
• Half-timber is used for laying walls of lightly loaded structures, as well as for cladding. But even in this case, the proportion of half wood should not exceed 10% of the total volume of material used.
• Reinforcement of jumpers over window and doorways, as well as over other technological holes is made using formwork. The jumpers are laid in the solution under the lower row of brickwork and embedded in the wall to a depth of 250 mm or more.
• The exposure time of the formwork for installing the jumper depends on the air temperature and ranges from 5 days (+20 0 С and above) to 24 days (+5 0 С and below).
• When laying cornices, the overhang of each row should not exceed 1/3 of the length of the building block. The total removal of the cornice, not reinforced with additional metal elements, should not be more than half the thickness of the outer wall.

Advice!
  The installation of the cornice is necessarily accompanied by the installation of temporary supporting structures.
  They must be strong enough to support the cornice blocks until the solution solidifies completely and prevent its deformation.

Reinforcement of masonry with metal reinforcement

Reinforcement of masonry with metal bars or mesh is used in the construction of partitions of small thickness, or when laying walls from energy-efficient hollow bricks. The use of steel mortgages increases the operational characteristics of the structure, but the overall price of the object increases, and significantly.

The requirements put forward by SNiP to reinforced masonry are as follows:

• The joint thickness is calculated as follows: a minimum of 4 mm must be added to the sum of the diameters of the intersecting reinforcement. Thus, when reinforcing with a 5 mm bar mesh, the minimum joint thickness should be 5 + 5 + 4 \u003d 14 mm.

Note!
  The maximum allowable joint thickness is -16 mm.

• Reinforcing a longitudinal seam involves connecting reinforcing bars by welding.
• If a metal mesh is used, or the rods are connected mechanically, then the overlap should be at least 20 diameters of the metal element.

Quality and safety of work

Quality control

The final stage of any work is the quality control of the erected masonry.

This procedure includes:

• Acceptance of work that preceded the masonry (preparation of the foundation, installation of partitions, foundations, etc.).
• Visual and instrumental assessment of the materials used for work, as well as periodic inspection of tools and working equipment.
• Operational control, which consists in monitoring the progress of the masonry and identifying inconsistencies with the work procedure approved in the routing.

The basis for acceptance control is the legally approved tolerances for masonry according to SNiP, which suggest such deviations:

• No more than 15 mm - by the thickness of the wall being erected.
• No more than 15 mm - the width of the wall.
• 20 mm - permissible displacement of the axes of adjacent window openings.
• 10 mm - permissible deviation of metal or reinforced concrete embedded structures.
• The vertical deviation is 10 mm or less within the same floor.
• Deviation in the plane - no more than 10 mm (5 mm - for plastered walls) when applying a two-meter test rail.

Only after checking these parameters, the work is accepted, about which the corresponding entry is made in the acceptance certificate.

Occupational Health and Safety

Carrying out construction work, it is necessary to adhere to the requirements for the safe organization of the masonry process:

Use only special scaffolding

• Material must be delivered by trained specialists who are qualified as slingers. Coordination of the work of the slinger and the crane operator is carried out using radiotelephone communications.
• All openings intended for the installation of translucent structures should be covered with wooden shields before glazing.
• Masonry scaffolds should be made either of a metal profile or of a wooden beam. It is strictly forbidden to use boxes, pallets, furniture or other improvised means as scaffolding.
• Each worker should be provided with overalls and shoes, as well as personal protective equipment. A mandatory list of funds includes a helmet and a mounting belt. The use of goggles and a respirator is necessary when performing certain types of work.
• High-altitude work is carried out only with a properly worn and fastened mounting belt.

Construction waste generated on the site is regularly cleaned in containers for subsequent disposal.

Conclusion

Compliance with building codes when erecting walls made of brick or stone is a prerequisite for achieving an acceptable result. Only the brickwork of the external walls and internal partitions made in accordance with SNiP requirements will be strong and reliable enough. Also, do not forget about another aspect, because adhering to the methods of performing work operations established in the standards, master masons increase the level of their own safety. In the video presented in this article, you will find additional information on this topic.